Investigating the Relationship between Leadership Style of Coaches and Sports Emotions of Athletes Participating in Bahrain 2021 Para-Asian Youth Championship

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student in Sports Management, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Sports Management, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Ardabil, Iran.

3 Master of Physical Education.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaches’ leadership styles and sport emotions of athletes participating in the Bahrain 2021 Para-Asian Youth Championships. The statistical population of the study consisted of all athletes participating in the Bahrain 2021 Para-Asian Youth Championships including 750 athletes from 30 Asian countries. Using Morgan table, the sample size was determined to be 256 athletes. The research instruments included the Modified Sport Emotion Questionnaire (SEQ) and the Sport Leadership Scale (LLS). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test and Friedman test in SPSS 23 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the leadership style of social support of sport coaches had a negative and significant relationship with the components of anxiety, dejection, excitement and anger of athletes’ sport emotions as well as a positive and significant relationship with the component of happiness. The authoritarian style of sport coaches had a positive and significant relationship with the components of anxiety, dejection and anger of athletes as well as a negative and significant relationship with the components of excitement and happiness (p≤0.01). Generally, by recognizing the psychological consequences associated with coaches’ leadership style, it is possible to help improve positive emotional states and control negative emotional states in athletes. 

Keywords

Main Subjects


AAT, A. A. T. (2007). Handbook of Sport Psychology, Edited by Gershon Tenenbaum and Robert C. Eklund
Copyright© 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. HANDBOOK OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, 8, 917.
Adibpour, N., Hosseini, M., & Honari, H. (2021). Developing a Model for Choosing Coaches of Basketball
National Teams. Journal of New Studies in Sport Management, 2(3), 202-212.
Alizadeh, A., & Cobuliev, Z. (2021). Psychological and Social Factors Influencing the Development of Sports
for Athletes with Disabilities in Tajikistan. Sport Psychology Studies, 10(35), 19-36.
Amorose, A. J., & Anderson-Butcher, D. (2007). Autonomy-supportive coaching and self-determined
motivation in high school and college athletes: A test of self-determination theory. Psychology of sport
and exercise, 8(5), 654-670.
Arian, E., & Ghaderi, M. (2021). The Model of Supporting Elite Female Athletes in Championship Sports.
Journal of New Studies in Sport Management, 2(4), 313-327.
Arjmandnia, A., Mahaki, F., Sharifi, H., & Heydari, K. (2017). Investigating the Effectiveness of Physical
Education on the Social Competency of Students with Mental Disability in Pre-professional Courses.
Journal of Exceptional Education (J Except Educ), 2(145), 29-38.
Bruner, M. W., Balish, S. M., Forrest, C., Brown, S., Webber, K., Gray, E., . . . Shields, C. A. (2017). Ties that
bond: Youth sport as a vehicle for social identity and positive youth development. Research quarterly
for exercise and sport, 88(2), 209-214.
Carver, C. S. (2004). Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion, 4(1), 3.
Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. D. (1980). Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership
scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(1), 34-45.
Committee., A. P. (2021). Bahrain 2021 AYPG Page.
Cruz, A. B., & Kim, H.-D. (2017). Leadership preferences of adolescent players in sport: influence of coach
gender. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 16(2), 172-179.
De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., Van Bottenburg, M., Shibli, S., & Bingham, J. (2009). Explaining international
sporting success: An international comparison of elite sport systems and policies in six countries. Sport
management review, 12(3), 113-136.
Farias, C. F., Mesquita, I. R., & Hastie, P. A. (2015). Game performance and understanding within a hybrid
sport education season. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 34(3), 363-383.
Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social pressures in informal groups; a study of human factors
in housing.
González-García, H., Martinent, G., & Nicolas, M. (2021). Relationships between perceived coach leadership
and athletes’ affective states experienced during competition. Journal of sports sciences, 39(5), 568-
575.
González-García, H., Martinent, G., & Trinidad Morales, A. (2019). Perceived coach leadership profiles and
relationship with burnout, coping, and emotions. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1785.
Hosseinian Mohajer, S. A., Fahimi Nezhad, A., Morsal, B., & Tayebi Sani, S. M. (2022). Provide a theoretical
framework based on the analysis and planning of the development of the participation of sports people
in particular (Case Study of Veterans, Disabled, Deaf, and Blind). Strategic Studies on Youth ans
Sports, 21(57), 173-192.
Lavallee, D., Thatcher, J., & Jones, M. V. (2004). Coping and emotion in sport: Future directions. 
Lazarus, R. S. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The sport psychologist,
14(3), 229-252.
Lee, S., Kim, Y., & Heere, B. (2018). Sport team emotion: Conceptualization, scale development and
validation. Sport management review, 21(4), 363-376.
Mehrabiyan, G., Kavousi Aslanshah, M., & Heirani, A. (2016). The Relationship Between The Coaches'
Leadership Style and Mental Fitness And The Trait And State Anxiety Of Handball Players In
Kermanshah Province. Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology, 2(1), 40-53.
Moradi, G., & Akbari, I. (2017). A Relationship between the Leadership of Coaches and the Satisfaction of
Sport Students at IAU of Kermanshah. Sociological Studies of Youth, 5(15), 115-142.
Moslehi, A., Doosti, M., & Safaniya, A. M. (2015). An Investigation of the Relationship among Coaches'
Leadership Styles, Group Cohesion and Team Success: A Case Study of First Division Futsal League
in Mazandaran Province. Sport Management Journal, 7(4), 501-512.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual review of
clinical psychology, 8, 161-187.
Osborn, R. N., & Marion, R. (2009). Contextual leadership, transformational leadership and the performance
of international innovation seeking alliances. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(2), 191-206.
Patsiaouras, A., Boziou, E., & Kontonasiou, D. (2022). The relationship of resilience and anxiety in volleyball.
Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance, 1(4), 285-295.
Paulus, D. J., Vanwoerden, S., Norton, P. J., & Sharp, C. (2016). Emotion dysregulation, psychological
inflexibility, and shame as explanatory factors between neuroticism and depression. Journal of
affective disorders, 190, 376-385.
Ruiz, M. C., Raglin, J. S., & Hanin, Y. L. (2017). The individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model
(1978–2014): Historical overview of its development and use. International Journal of Sport and
Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 41-63.
Tamir, M., Chiu, C.-Y., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Business or pleasure? Utilitarian versus hedonic considerations
in emotion regulation. Emotion, 7(3), 546.
Vast, R. L., Young, R. L., & Thomas, P. R. (2010). Emotions in sport: Perceived effects on attention,
concentration, and performance. Australian Psychologist, 45(2), 132-140.
Whittle, S., Yücel, M., Yap, M. B., & Allen, N. B. (2011). Sex differences in the neural correlates of emotion:
evidence from neuroimaging. Biological psychology, 87(3), 319-333.
Zamani Sani, S. H., Fathirezaie, Z., & Abbaspour, K. (2019). Sport Emotion and Collective Efficacy among
Healthy and Disabled Athletes. Sport Psychology Studies (ie, mutaleat ravanshenasi varzeshi), 7(26),
31-44.
AAT, A. A. T. (2007). Handbook of Sport Psychology, Edited by Gershon Tenenbaum and Robert C. Eklund
Copyright© 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. HANDBOOK OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, 8, 917.
Adibpour, N., Hosseini, M., & Honari, H. (2021). Developing a Model for Choosing Coaches of Basketball
National Teams. Journal of New Studies in Sport Management, 2(3), 202-212.
Alizadeh, A., & Cobuliev, Z. (2021). Psychological and Social Factors Influencing the Development of Sports
for Athletes with Disabilities in Tajikistan. Sport Psychology Studies, 10(35), 19-36.
Arian, E., & Ghaderi, M. (2021). The Model of Supporting Elite Female Athletes in Championship Sports.
Journal of New Studies in Sport Management, 2(4), 313-327.
Arjmandnia, A., Mahaki, F., Sharifi, H., & Heydari, K. (2017). Investigating the Effectiveness of Physical
Education on the Social Competency of Students with Mental Disability in Pre-professional Courses.
Journal of Exceptional Education (J Except Educ), 2(145), 29-38.
Carver, C. S. (2004). Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion, 4(1), 3.
Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. D. (1980). Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership
scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(1), 34-45.
Committee., A. P. (2021). Bahrain 2021 AYPG Page.
Cruz, A. B., & Kim, H.-D. (2017). Leadership preferences of adolescent players in sport: influence of coach
gender. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 16(2), 172-179.
De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., Van Bottenburg, M., Shibli, S., & Bingham, J. (2009). Explaining international
sporting success: An international comparison of elite sport systems and policies in six countries. Sport
management review, 12(3), 113-136.
Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social pressures in informal groups; a study of human factors
in housing.
González-García, H., Martinent, G., & Nicolas, M. (2021). Relationships between perceived coach leadership
and athletes’ affective states experienced during competition. Journal of sports sciences, 39(5), 568-
575. 
González-García, H., Martinent, G., & Trinidad Morales, A. (2019). Perceived coach leadership profiles and
relationship with burnout, coping, and emotions. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1785.
Hosseinian Mohajer, S. A., Fahimi Nezhad, A., Morsal, B., & Tayebi Sani, S. M. (2022). Provide a theoretical
framework based on the analysis and planning of the development of the participation of sports people
in particular (Case Study of Veterans, Disabled, Deaf, and Blind). Strategic Studies on Youth ans
Sports, 21(57), 173-192.
Lavallee, D., Thatcher, J., & Jones, M. V. (2004). Coping and emotion in sport: Future directions.
Lazarus, R. S. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The sport psychologist,
14(3), 229-252.
Lee, S., Kim, Y., & Heere, B. (2018). Sport team emotion: Conceptualization, scale development and
validation. Sport management review, 21(4), 363-376.
Moslehi, A., Doosti, M., & Safaniya, A. M. (2015). An Investigation of the Relationship among Coaches'
Leadership Styles, Group Cohesion and Team Success: A Case Study of First Division Futsal League
in Mazandaran Province. Sport Management Journal, 7(4), 501-512.
Osborn, R. N., & Marion, R. (2009). Contextual leadership, transformational leadership and the performance
of international innovation seeking alliances. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(2), 191-206.
Patsiaouras, A., Boziou, E., & Kontonasiou, D. (2022). The relationship of resilience and anxiety in volleyball.
Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance, 1(4), 285-295.
Ruiz, M. C., Raglin, J. S., & Hanin, Y. L. (2017). The individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model
(1978–2014): Historical overview of its development and use. International Journal of Sport and
Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 41-63.
Zamani Sani, S. H., Fathirezaie, Z., & Abbaspour, K. (2019). Sport Emotion and Collective Efficacy among
Healthy and Disabled Athletes. Sport Psychology Studies (ie, mutaleat ravanshenasi varzeshi), 7(26),
31-44.
AAT, A. A. T. (2007). Handbook of Sport Psychology, Edited by Gershon Tenenbaum and Robert C. Eklund
Copyright© 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. HANDBOOK OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, 8, 917.
Adibpour, N., Hosseini, M., & Honari, H. (2021). Developing a Model for Choosing Coaches of Basketball
National Teams. Journal of New Studies in Sport Management, 2(3), 202-212.
Alizadeh, A., & Cobuliev, Z. (2021). Psychological and Social Factors Influencing the Development of Sports
for Athletes with Disabilities in Tajikistan. Sport Psychology Studies, 10(35), 19-36.
Arian, E., & Ghaderi, M. (2021). The Model of Supporting Elite Female Athletes in Championship Sports.
Journal of New Studies in Sport Management, 2(4), 313-327.
Arjmandnia, A., Mahaki, F., Sharifi, H., & Heydari, K. (2017). Investigating the Effectiveness of Physical
Education on the Social Competency of Students with Mental Disability in Pre-professional Courses.
Journal of Exceptional Education (J Except Educ), 2(145), 29-38.
Carver, C. S. (2004). Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion, 4(1), 3.
Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. D. (1980). Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership
scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(1), 34-45.
Committee., A. P. (2021). Bahrain 2021 AYPG Page.
Cruz, A. B., & Kim, H.-D. (2017). Leadership preferences of adolescent players in sport: influence of coach
gender. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 16(2), 172-179.
De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., Van Bottenburg, M., Shibli, S., & Bingham, J. (2009). Explaining international
sporting success: An international comparison of elite sport systems and policies in six countries. Sport
management review, 12(3), 113-136.
Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social pressures in informal groups; a study of human factors
in housing.
González-García, H., Martinent, G., & Nicolas, M. (2021). Relationships between perceived coach leadership
and athletes’ affective states experienced during competition. Journal of sports sciences, 39(5), 568-
575.
González-García, H., Martinent, G., & Trinidad Morales, A. (2019). Perceived coach leadership profiles and
relationship with burnout, coping, and emotions. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1785.
Hosseinian Mohajer, S. A., Fahimi Nezhad, A., Morsal, B., & Tayebi Sani, S. M. (2022). Provide a theoretical
framework based on the analysis and planning of the development of the participation of sports people
in particular (Case Study of Veterans, Disabled, Deaf, and Blind). Strategic Studies on Youth ans
Sports, 21(57), 173-192.
Lavallee, D., Thatcher, J., & Jones, M. V. (2004). Coping and emotion in sport: Future directions.
Lazarus, R. S. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The sport psychologist,
14(3), 229-252. 
Lee, S., Kim, Y., & Heere, B. (2018). Sport team emotion: Conceptualization, scale development and
validation. Sport management review, 21(4), 363-376.
Moslehi, A., Doosti, M., & Safaniya, A. M. (2015). An Investigation of the Relationship among Coaches'
Leadership Styles, Group Cohesion and Team Success: A Case Study of First Division Futsal League
in Mazandaran Province. Sport Management Journal, 7(4), 501-512.
Osborn, R. N., & Marion, R. (2009). Contextual leadership, transformational leadership and the performance
of international innovation seeking alliances. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(2), 191-206.
Ruiz, M. C., Raglin, J. S., & Hanin, Y. L. (2017). The individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model
(1978–2014): Historical overview of its development and use. International Journal of Sport and
Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 41-63.
Zamani Sani, S. H., Fathirezaie, Z., & Abbaspour, K. (2019). Sport Emotion and Collective Efficacy among
Healthy and Disabled Athletes. Sport Psychology Studies (ie, mutaleat ravanshenasi varzeshi), 7(26),
31-44.